Radio frequency optimization of a Global System for Mobile (GSM) network

Includes bibliographical references

Clinical profile of tuberculosis with diabetes mellitus

Background: There is now good evidence that people with diabetes mellitus (DM) have 2–3 times the risk of developing active tuberculosis (TB) compared with those who do not have DM. The aim of the study was to analyze typical / atypical presentation of pulmonary tuberculosis with diabetes mellitus.Methods: This study was carried out in the Department of Respiratory Medicine and General Medicine, SAIMS, Indore during the period of July 2012 to June 2014. A prospective study including 100 microscopically proven cases of sputum smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis. Among these, 50 are diabetic patients with sputum positive tuberculosis and 50 are non-diabetic patients with sputum positive tuberculosis.Results: The mean age in diabetic group was 51.92±9.96 years. The mean age in non-diabetic group was 39.58±15.19 years. In the diabetic group, there were 38 (76.00%) male and 12 (24.00%) females, while in the non-diabetic group there were 40 (80.00%) males and 10 (20.00%) females. Fever, cough and weakness were the three most common symptoms seen in patients with tuberculosis in both the groups.Conclusions: There was a preponderance of male in both the groups over the female patients. There is no significant difference in the symptoms in both the groups

Cyclic Timetable Scheduling Problem on High-speed Railway Line

Due to several obvious advantages both in transport marketing and train operation planning, the cyclic timetable has already applied in many high-speed railway (HSR) countries. In order to adopt the cyclic timetable in China's HSR system, a Mixed Integer Programmer (MIP) model is proposed in this paper involving many general constraints, such as running time, dwell time, headway, and connection constraints. In addition, the real-world overtaking rule that concerning a train with higher priority will not be overtaken by a slower one is incorporated into the cyclic timetable optimization model. An approach based on fixed departure is proposed to get a cyclic timetable with minimum total journey time within a reasonable time. From numerical investigations using data from Guangzhou-Zhuhai HSR line in China, the proposed model and associated approach are tested and shown to be effective

Hydrogen Behavior at Crystalline/amorphous Interface of Transparent Oxide Semiconductor and its Effects on Carrier Transport and Crystallization

The role of disorder and particularly of the interfacial region between crystalline and amorphous phases of indium oxide in the formation of hydrogen defects with covalent (In-OH) or ionic (In-H-In) bonding are investigated using ab initio molecular dynamics and hybrid density-functional approaches. The results reveal that disorder stabilizes In-H-In defects even in the stoichiometric amorphous oxide and also promotes the formation of deep electron traps adjacent to In-OH defects. Furthermore, below-room-temperature fluctuations help switch interfacial In-H-In into In-OH, creating a new deep state in the process. This H-defect transformation limits not only the number of free carriers but also the grain size, as observed experimentally in heavily H-doped sputtered In2Ox. On the other hand, the presence of In-OH helps break O2 defects, abundant in the disordered indium oxide, and thus contributes to faster crystallization rates. The divergent electronic properties of the ionic vs covalent H defects passivation of undercoordinated In atoms vs creation of new deep electron traps, respectively and the different behavior of the two types of H defects during crystallization suggest that the resulting macroscopic properties of H-doped indium oxide are governed by the relative concentrations of the In-H-In and In-OH defects. The microscopic understanding of the H defect formation and properties developed in this work serves as a foundation for future research efforts to find ways to control H species during deposition

Clinical profile of patients with acute coronary syndrome in Lumbini Medical College and Teaching Hospital: A prospective study

Background: The clinical profile among patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) is not well studied in this western part of Nepal where Lumbini Medical College and Teaching Hospital (LMCTH) is situated. Cardiovascular disease is now the most common non communicable disease killing thousands of people worldwide. The trend of incidence is increasing in the developing countries including Nepal. Objective: To obtain the clinical profile of patient presenting with ACS in LMCTH. Material and Method: This is a prospective study carried out in LMCTH in the department of Internal Medicine April 14, 2013 to October 14, 2013. Patients were diagnosed to have ACS based on their clinical findings, Electrocardiogram (ECG) and Troponin test. Those with non-cardiac chest pain were excluded. A detail history and all the data pertaining to the patient were noted analyzed in a systematic way. Results: A total of 40 patients with ACS presented during the study period in LMCTH. The mean age of presentation was 67±18 years. Thirty out of those constitute male (75%). Six patients (15%) died during the study period. Seventeen (42.5%) presented with central chest pain, 13(32.5%) presented with left sided chest pain, 4(10%) presented with acute shortness of breath. Four (10%) patient presented in the state of cardiogenic shock and 2 (5%) presented with the Ventricular tachycardia (VT) as their complication. 6 (15%) had unstable angina (UA), 14 (35%) had Non ST elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) and 20 (50%) had ST elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI). Of the total 20 (50%) patient who had STEMI, only four of them underwent thrombolysis. Anterior wall MI was the most common wall involved. Circadian variation study showed peak incidence of acute coronary syndrome during the early morning hours.  Mean duration of symptoms before presentation to the hospital facility was 4 days. Mean hospital stay was 5±2 days. Conclusion: Cardiovascular disease is common in this Western part of Nepal. STEMI was the commonest presentation and the incidence was more among the male and the elderly patients

Valence fluctuation in Ce2_2Re3_3Si5_5 and Ising-type magnetic ordering in Pr2_2Re3_3Si5_5 single crystals

Single crystals of ${\rm Ce_2Re_3Si_5}$ and ${\rm Pr_2Re_3Si_5}$ have been grown by Czochralski method in a tetra-arc furnace. Powder x-ray diffraction confirmed that these compounds crystallize in the ${\rm U_2Mn_3Si_5}$-type tetragonal crystal structure with space group $P4/mnc$ (No. 128). The anisotropic physical properties have been studied comprehensively by measuring the magnetic susceptibility, isothermal magnetization, electrical transport and specific heat. The low value of magnetic susceptibility together with no magnetic transition down to $2$~K gives evidence that the Ce-ions are in the intermediate valence state in ${\rm Ce_2Re_3Si_5}$. On the other hand ${\rm Pr_2Re_3Si_5}$ revealed a magnetic ordering at $9$~K. The sharp drop in the magnetic susceptibility and a spin flip like metamagnetic transition, for $H~\parallel~[001]$ in the magnetization plot of ${\rm Pr_2Re_3Si_5}$ suggest an Ising-type antiferromagnetic ordering. Based on magnetic susceptibility and isothermal magnetization data, a detailed crystal electric field (CEF) analysis shows that degenerate ${J} = 4$ Hund's rule derived ground state of ${\rm Pr^{3+}}$ ion splits into nine singlets with an overall splitting of $1179$~K. The magnetic ordering in ${\rm Pr_2Re_3Si_5}$ is due to the exchange-generated admixture of the lowest lying CEF energy levels. Heat capacity data reveal a sharp peak at $9$~K, that confirms the bulk nature of the magnetic ordering in ${\rm Pr_2Re_3Si_5}$.Comment: 9 pages, 8 figure

Prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Nepal: a systematic review and meta-analysis from 2000 to 2014

Background: Understanding the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Nepal can help in planning for health services and recognising risk factors. This review aims to systematically identify and collate studies describing the prevalence of type 2 diabetes, to summarise the findings, and to explore selected factors that may influence prevalence estimates. Design: This systematic review was conducted in adherence to the MOOSE Guidelines for Meta-Analysis and Systematic Reviews of Observational Studies. Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System (MEDLINE) database from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2014 was searched for the prevalence of type 2 diabetes among Nepalese populations with a combination of search terms. We exploded the search terms to include all possible synonyms and spellings obtained in the search strategy. Additionally, we performed a manual search for other articles and references of published articles. Results: We found 65 articles; ten studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were included in the analyses. These ten studies comprised a total of 30,218 subjects. The sample size ranged from 489 to 14,009. All the studies used participants older than age 15, of whom 41.5% were male and 58.5% female. All the studies were cross-sectional and two were hospital-based. Prevalence of type 2 diabetes ranged from a minimum of 1.4% to a maximum of 19.0% and pooled prevalence of type 2 diabetes was 8.4% (95% CI: 6.2 10.5%). Prevalence of type 2 diabetes in urban and rural populations was 8.1% (95% CI: 7.3 8.9%) and 1.0% (95% CI: 0.7 1.3%), respectively. Conclusions: This is, to our knowledge, the first study to systematically evaluate the literature of prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Nepal. Results showed that type 2 diabetes is currently a high-burden disease in Nepal, suggesting a possible area to deliberately expand preventive interventions as well as efforts to control the disease

Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.

The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors 2017 includes a comprehensive assessment of incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 354 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017. Previous GBD studies have shown how the decline of mortality rates from 1990 to 2016 has led to an increase in life expectancy, an ageing global population, and an expansion of the non-fatal burden of disease and injury. These studies have also shown how a substantial portion of the world's population experiences non-fatal health loss with considerable heterogeneity among different causes, locations, ages, and sexes. Ongoing objectives of the GBD study include increasing the level of estimation detail, improving analytical strategies, and increasing the amount of high-quality data. METHODS: We estimated incidence and prevalence for 354 diseases and injuries and 3484 sequelae. We used an updated and extensive body of literature studies, survey data, surveillance data, inpatient admission records, outpatient visit records, and health insurance claims, and additionally used results from cause of death models to inform estimates using a total of 68 781 data sources. Newly available clinical data from India, Iran, Japan, Jordan, Nepal, China, Brazil, Norway, and Italy were incorporated, as well as updated claims data from the USA and new claims data from Taiwan (province of China) and Singapore. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between rates of incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death for each condition. YLDs were estimated as the product of a prevalence estimate and a disability weight for health states of each mutually exclusive sequela, adjusted for comorbidity. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary development indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. Additionally, we calculated differences between male and female YLDs to identify divergent trends across sexes. GBD 2017 complies with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting